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Member of the Division of Science
Vincent Eckhart, Chair, Jonathan Brown, Rafael Cabeza, David Campbell, Leslie Gregg-Jolly, Kathryn Jacobson, Peter Jacobson, Clark Lindgren, Vida Praitis, Diane Robertson, Charles Sullivan, Bruce Voyles
Biology investigates the processes of life at the molecular, cellular,
organismal, population, and ecosystem levels. The department believes that the study
of biology helps all students to become more scientifically literate and
exposes them to the diverse ways in which biologists pose questions and gather
and interpret data. Aside from its contribution to a liberal education, the
biology curriculum may be an introduction to a career in research, education,
environmental science, the health professions, conservation, or a range of other fields.
The department recommends that students considering a biology or
biological chemistry major take both Biology 150 Introduction to Biological Inquiry
and Chemistry 129 General Chemistry in their first year. These courses may
be taken in either order. It also recommends that students take calculus
(Mathematics 123-124 or 131) during their first year. In the first semester of
their second year, students should take both Biology 251 Molecules, Cells,
and Organisms and Chemistry 221 Organic Chemistry I. Students continuing
as biology majors should then enroll in Biology 252 Organisms, Evolution,
and Ecology in the second semester. These core courses prepare students
to continue with advanced-level courses of their choice and to undertake
independent research projects. Since the focus of the curriculum at all levels is on
the process of discovery in biology, classroom activities emphasize
experimental design, analysis of data, and reading from the scientific literature,
while laboratories emphasize student-designed experiments or projects and
writing scientific papers and posters. All majors are encouraged to conduct
independent study or summer research in association with Grinnell faculty or at an
off-campus site or program. In such cases, careful advanced planning with
an adviser will make it easier to take advantage of these opportunities.
Students also are encouraged to develop their skills in written and oral
communication through investigative reports, class presentations, or a departmental seminar.
Excellent laboratory and field facilities support the biology program.
Instrumentation available for courses and research includes laser scanning
confocal and fluorescence microscopes, animal and plant tissue culture suites,
high-speed and ultra high-speed centrifuges, a liquid scintillation
spectrometer, photodocumentation systems, scanning UV-visible spectrophotometers
and plate reader, electrophysiological suites, a C/N and AutoAnalyzer, as well as equipment for
DNA synthesis, sizing, sequencing, and the polymerase chain reaction. The
department also manages the
Conard Environmental Research Area (CERA), a 148-hectare (365-acre)
biological field station 11 miles from campus, which includes
restored oak woodland, oak savannah, and tallgrass prairie habitats; a diversity of
aquatic habitats; and several long-term experimental areas. The newly constructed
Environmental Education Center supports teaching and research in biology, the arts, and
other subjects at CERA with excellent classroom, collection, and greenhouse facilities.
A minimum of 32 credits in biology including:
- Biology 150 Introduction to Biological Inquiry
- Biology 251 Molecules, Cells, and Organisms
- Biology 252 Organisms, Evolution, and Ecology
- Twenty additional credits of biology at the 200 level or higher, 12 of which must be at the 300 level or higher. Not more than four of the 20 credits may be from Biology 297, 397, 399, or 499. Science 300, or independent study done elsewhere.
Also required:
- Chemistry 129 General Chemistry
- Chemistry 221 Organic Chemistry I
- Mathematics 124 Functions and Integral Calculus or 131 Calculus I
Chemistry 222, Physics 131 and 132, and Mathematics 133 and 209 are recommended.
NOTE: Biology 195 and 220 do not count for major credit.
With prior approval, a maximum of four credits of advanced work in
a related field may be applied toward the major. At least half of the
credits applied toward the biology major must be taken in residence at Grinnell.
To be considered for honors in biology, graduating seniors, in addition to meeting the College's general
requirements for honors, must conduct an independent research project (either at Grinnell or
elsewhere) and share their findings with fellow biologists in a departmental seminar. The award
of honors is not based solely on grades and achievement in the classroom or lab. It signifies, in addition,
an underlying commitment to the discipline as evidenced by participation in departmental affairs and
activities (e.g., acting as a teaching assistant or mentor, or serving on the SEPC), including regular attendance at departmental seminars.
150 Introduction to Biological Inquiry (Fall and Spring) 4 credits
An introduction to how biologists pose questions, design experiments,
analyze data, and communicate scientific information, for prospective biology
and biological chemistry majors as well as non majors. Although
individual sections will have different topics and formats, all sections will
involve intensive student-directed investigation and include a laboratory
component. Prerequisites: none. STAFF.
220 Biotechnology and Its Social Impact (Fall) 4 credits
An investigation of genetic engineering techniques and products as applied
in agriculture, medicine, industry, law, and the environment, as well as the
social, economic, and technical implications of their use. Topics include
genetically engineered plants and animals, gene therapies, in vitro fertilization and
human cloning, DNA fingerprinting, and genetic testing. Does not count toward the
major. Prerequisite: second-year standing. ROBERTSON.
251 Molecules, Cells, and Organisms (Fall) 4 credits
Investigations of the cellular and molecular basis of organismal structure
and function, including studies of how organisms acquire and expend
energy, acquire and transport materials, regulate internal conditions,
transmit information, reproduce, develop, grow, and move. Three lectures and
one scheduled lab each week. Prerequisites: Biology 150, Chemistry 129,
and completion of or concurrent registration in Chemistry 221; or permission of instructor. STAFF.
252 Organisms, Evolution, and Ecology (Spring) 4 credits
Investigations of the evolutionary causes and ecological consequences
of organismal structure and function, including studies of why organisms
acquire and expend energy, acquire and transport materials, regulate
internal conditions, transmit information, reproduce, develop, grow, and move.
Three lectures and one scheduled lab each week. Prerequisites: Biology
251 and Mathematics 124 or 131. STAFF.
301 History of Biological Thought* (Spring) 4 credits
This seminar course will consider how biological theories emerge and change in a
complex environment of empirical knowledge and social/politcal concerns. Areas of
study may include reproductive biology, evolution, genetics, ecology and conservation, and medicine.
Three lecture/discussion sessions each week. Prerequisite: Biology 252 or permission of instructor. BROWN.
305 Evolution of the Iowa Flora* (Fall) 4 credits+
Investigations of the history of Iowa's plant diversity from three perspectives:
(1) taxonomy and systematics; (2) paleoecology and community assembly; and (3)
population structure, biogeography, and conservation. Three lectures and one
laboratory each week. Prerequisite: Biology 252 or permission of instructor.
ECKHART.
325 Fungal Biology* (Fall) 4 credits
An integrative survey of the fungal kingdom, emphasizing current topics
in developmental biology, physiology, genetics, evolution, systematics,
ecology, and human interactions with fungi. Combined lecture/lab periods meet
two times each week for three hours. Emphasis is on interactive learning
through field and laboratory investigations. Prerequisite: Biology 252 or permission of instructor.
K. JACOBSON.
334 Plant Physiology* 4 credits
Plant functions emphasizing the physiology of photosynthesis,
respiration, translocation, control of growth, and major processes of the living plant.
Three lectures, one laboratory each week. Prerequisite: Biology 252
or permission of instructor. ROBERTSON.
340 Aquatic Biology* (Spring) 4 credits
An examination of the biology of freshwater systems, including lakes,
rivers, and streams, and the linkages between aquatic and terrestrial
environments. Lectures and discussions focus on current topics in freshwater
biology. Laboratory and field investigations emphasize quantitative analysis
and experimental design and include an independent project. One
laboratory meeting and two lecture/discussion sessions each week. Prerequisite:
Biology 252 or permission of instructor. P. JACOBSON.
345 Advanced Genetics* (Fall) 4 credits
Genetics is an experimental approach that has been applied to questions
in all areas of biology, answering fundamental questions about inheritance, cell
mechanics, human disease, and evolutionary change. This course will introduce
students to advanced genetic principles and techniques. We will then explore how
these techniques have been applied to answer fundamental questions in
biology by reading both classic and recent papers from the primary literature that utilize
genetic approaches. We will also discuss some of the limitations of genetics as a
scientific approach. The laboratory will emphasize multiweek projects using genetic
techniques to study biological problems. Two three-hour meetings per week.
Prerequisite: Biology 252, or Biological Chemistry 262, or
permission of instructor. PRAITIS
350 Animal Development* (Spring) 4 credits
An examination of the cellular and molecular aspects of development in
a variety of organisms, with a focus on animals. The experimental basis for
our current knowledge of developmental processes is presented. The
laboratory includes work with vertebrate and invertebrate embryos. Three lectures,
one laboratory each week. Prerequisite: Biology 252 or permission
of instructor. SULLIVAN.
355 Developmental Genetics* (Spring) 4 credits
We explore how scientists identify and characterize the genes required for animal
and plant development, by reading and discussing papers from the primary literature
that utilize molecular and classic genetic techniques. Topics include axis determination,
cell fate decisions, tissue formation, sex determination, environmental influences on development,
and evolutionary conservation of developmental mechanisms. In the
laboratory, students do independent research projects on the model system C. elegans.
Two three-hour meetings per week. Prerequisite: Biology 252, or Biological Chemistry 262,
or permission of instructor. PRAITIS.
360 Plant Development* (Spring) 4 credits
An examination of the molecular, structural, hormonal, and
environmental aspects of differentiation in plants. The main emphasis is on differentiation
in higher plants, but developmental systems in the algae, fungi, and
bryophytes are also examined. The laboratory includes plant tissue culture methods
as tools for morphogenetic studies. Three lectures, one laboratory each
week. Prerequisite: Biology 252 or permission of instructor. ROBERTSON.
363 Neurobiology* (Fall) 4 credits
This course examines the structure, function, and development of the
nervous system. Cellular and molecular mechanisms are emphasized and examples
are drawn from throughout the animal kingdom. Three lectures and one
scheduled laboratory each week. Prerequisite: Biology 251 or permission
of instructor. CABEZA, LINDGREN.
364 Animal Physiology* (Spring) 4 credits
This course examines the integrated function of tissues, organs, and
organ systems from a molecular, cellular, and organismal perspective. Emphasis
is placed on mechanisms underlying physiological processes found
throughout the animal kingdom. Three lectures and one laboratory each week.
Prerequisite: Biology 252 or permission of instructor. LINDGREN.
365 Biology of Prokaryotes* (Fall) 4 credits
The structure, physiology, and genetics of prokaryotes. Lecture includes discussion of papers from the current
literature. Laboratory features multiweek investigations. Two lectures and one
laboratory each week. Prerequisite: Biology 251. Biological Chemistry 262 is recommended. STAFF.
368 Ecology* (Fall) 4 credits
Study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and of
relationships between organisms and environments. Laboratories emphasize
quantitative analysis and experimental design in ecology and include several field
projects. Lectures focus on the development of ecological concepts and theory.
Three lectures and one laboratory per week. Prerequisite: Biology 252
or permission of instructor. ECKHART.
370 Advanced Cell Biology* (Fall) 4 credits
This course examines selected topics that are the focus of current
research describing the molecular biology of eukaryotic cells. Events occurring in
the nucleus, cytoplasm, and at the cell surface are considered.
Laboratories emphasize techniques to study proteins in a variety of cell types
including cells growing in culture. Prerequisite: Biology 251 or permission
of instructor. SULLIVAN.
373 Mechanisms of Evolution* (Spring) 4 credits
This course examines the mechanisms of evolutionary change at both
the micro and macroevolutionary scales. Topics include the maintenance
of genetic variation, population structure and speciation, molecular
evolution, systematic methods and applications, and macroevolution. Three two-hour sessions per week.
Prerequisite: Biology 252 or permission of instructor. BROWN.
380 Molecular Biology (Spring) 4 credits
An examination of the molecular biology of the cell and associated
technology. The application of techniques such as molecular cloning, PCR
amplification, DNA sequencing and hybridization to contemporary issues in biology
are emphasized in lecture and laboratory. Two lectures and one laboratory
per week. Prerequisite: Biology 252, or Biological Chemistry 262, or permission of instructor. GREGG-JOLLY.
385 Virology* (Spring) 4 credits
The biology of bacterial, animal, and plant viruses: mechanisms of entry
and release of virions, replication and expression of genomes, effects on host
cells, with emphasis on current scientific literature. Laboratory includes
multiweek investigations based on aspects of the life cycles of bacterial and
animal viruses. Three lectures, one scheduled lab each week. Prerequisite:
Biology 251 or permission of instructor. STAFF.
399 Directed Research 2 or 4 credits
See Directed Research. STAFF.
*Not offered every year.
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